Dr. Helmenstine har en ph.d. i biomedicinske videnskaber og er videnskabsforfatter, underviser og konsulent. Hun har undervist videnskabskurser på gymnasiet, college og kandidatniveau.
Nummer |
Element |
Valence |
1 |
Hydrogen |
(-1), +1 |
2 |
Helium |
0 |
3 |
Lithium |
+1 |
4 |
Beryllium |
+2 |
5 |
Bor |
-3, +3 |
6 |
Kulstof |
(+2), +4 |
7 |
Kvælstof |
-3, -2, -1, (+1), +2, +3, +4, +5 |
8 |
Ilt |
-2 |
9 |
fluor |
-1, (+1) |
10 |
Neon |
0 |
11 |
Natrium |
+1 |
12 |
Magnesium |
+2 |
13 |
Aluminium |
+3 |
14 |
Silicon |
-4, (+2), +4 |
15 |
Fosfor |
-3, +1, +3, +5 |
16 |
Svovl |
-2, +2, +4, +6 |
17 |
Klor |
-1, +1, (+2), +3, (+4), +5, +7 |
18 |
Argon |
0 |
19 |
Kalium |
+1 |
20 |
Kalk |
+2 |
21 |
Scandium |
+3 |
22 |
Titanium |
+2, +3, +4 |
23 |
Vanadium |
+2, +3, +4, +5 |
24 |
Chrom |
+2, +3, +6 |
25 |
Mangan |
+2, (+3), +4, (+6), +7 |
26 |
Jern |
+2, +3, (+4), (+6) |
27 |
Cobalt |
+2, +3, (+4) |
28 |
Nikkel |
(+1), +2, (+3), (+4) |
29 |
Kobber |
+1, +2, (+3) |
30 |
Zink |
+2 |
31 |
Gallium |
(+2). +3 |
32 |
Germanium |
-4, +2, +4 |
33 |
Arsen |
-3, (+2), +3, +5 |
34 |
Selen |
-2, (+2), +4, +6 |
35 |
brom |
-1, +1, (+3), (+4), +5 |
36 |
Krypton |
0 |
37 |
rubidium |
+1 |
38 |
Strontium |
+2 |
39 |
Yttrium |
+3 |
40 |
Zirconium |
(+2), (+3), +4 |
41 |
Niobium |
(+2), +3, (+4), +5 |
42 |
Molybdæn |
(+2), +3, (+4), (+5), +6 |
43 |
Technetium |
+6 |
44 |
Ruthenium |
(+2), +3, +4, (+6), (+7), +8 |
45 |
Rhodium |
(+2), (+3), +4, (+6) |
46 |
palladium |
+2, +4, (+6) |
47 |
Sølv |
+1, (+2), (+3) |
48 |
Cadmium |
(+1), +2 |
49 |
Indium |
(+1), (+2), +3 |
50 |
Tin |
+2, +4 |
51 |
Antimon |
-3, +3, (+4), +5 |
52 |
tellur |
-2, (+2), +4, +6 |
53 |
Jod |
-1, +1, (+3), (+4), +5, +7 |
54 |
Xenon |
0 |
55 |
cæsium |
+1 |
56 |
Barium |
+2 |
57 |
lanthanum |
+3 |
58 |
cerium |
+3, +4 |
59 |
praseodym |
+3 |
60 |
Neodym |
+3, +4 |
61 |
promethium |
+3 |
62 |
samarium |
(+2), +3 |
63 |
Europium |
(+2), +3 |
64 |
Gadolinium |
+3 |
65 |
terbium |
+3, +4 |
66 |
dysprosium |
+3 |
67 |
Holmium |
+3 |
68 |
Erbium |
+3 |
69 |
thulium |
(+2), +3 |
70 |
Ytterbium |
(+2), +3 |
71 |
lutetium |
+3 |
72 |
hafnium |
+4 |
73 |
Tantal |
(+3), (+4), +5 |
74 |
Wolfram |
(+2), (+3), (+4), (+5), +6 |
75 |
rhenium |
(-1), (+1), +2, (+3), +4, (+5), +6, +7 |
76 |
osmium |
(+2), +3, +4, +6, +8 |
77 |
Iridium |
(+1), (+2), +3, +4, +6 |
78 |
platin |
(+1), +2, (+3), +4, +6 |
79 |
Guld |
+1, (+2), +3 |
80 |
Kviksølv |
+1, +2 |
81 |
thallium |
+1, (+2), +3 |
82 |
At føre |
+2, +4 |
83 |
Bismuth |
(-3), (+2), +3, (+4), (+5) |
84 |
polonium |
(-2), +2, +4, (+6) |
85 |
astatin |
? |
86 |
Radon |
0 |
87 |
francium |
? |
88 |
Radium |
+2 |
89 |
actinium |
+3 |
90 |
Thorium |
+4 |
91 |
protactinium |
+5 |
92 |
uran |
(+2), +3, +4, (+5), +6 |
Der opstod en fejl. Prøv igen.